Pharmacodynamic: It is a branch of pharmacology that deals with the mechanism of action and pharmacological effects of a drug. Four targets of drug action (target proteins): Types Membrane receptor: cholinergic receptors Cytoplasmic receptor: steroid receptors Nuclear receptor: thyroid receptors Active receptor: adrenoceptors (1-2%) Silent receptor: plasma protein Spare receptor: (98%) Receptor mediated mechanism:…
Drug excretion: Removal of drugs from the body. Routes: Major: Minor: Renal mechanism of excretion 1. Glomerular filtration _ depends on GFR, plasma 2. Renal tubular secretion_ transfer drugs from plasma to tubular fluid through active transport by 2 systems, Organic acid transport (penicillin, probenecid), Organic base transport (thiazides, furosemide) Probenecid is secreted into tubule…
Distribution of Drug – A Complete Pharmacokinetic Guide Distribution Drug distribution is the process by which a drug reversibly leaves the blood stream and enters into the interstitium and /or the cell of the tissues. Drugs are distributed in certain body compartments Factors affecting distribution water soluble can’t cross the cell membrane , so remains…
7 Major Factors Affecting Absorption of Drug         Absorption: The process of transfer of drug from site of administration to the circulation. Key points Process of absorption Passive/Simple transport Definition: Drug moves from higher to lower concentration Criteria: Example Active transport Definition: Drugs move from lower to higher concentration with the help of carrier &…
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION A) SYSTEMIC ROUTE 1) Enteral: 2) Parenteral: B) LOCAL/TOPICAL: Advantages of oral route: Limitations of oral route: * (not in emergency condition) Advantages of sublingual route: Disadvantages of sublingual route: Advantages of inhalational route: Disadvantages of inhalational route: Advantages of rectal route: Disadvantages of rectal route: Advantages of…
Breast Cancer Pathophysiology and Investigation of Breast Disease: Introduction:Patients with breast problems make up 15–20% of new referrals to general surgical outpatient clinics. Virtually every woman with a breast lump, breast pain, or discharge from the nipple fears that she has cancer.The anxiety that results is made up of three components: Previously, this often prevented…
Ultimate Guide: Classification, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Human Herpesviruses General Properties Human Herpesviruses Structure of Herpesvirus Virion Herpesvirus Classification and Characteristics HSV-1 / HHV-1 Mucoepithelial cells Respiratory secretions, saliva Gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis Trigeminal ganglia HSV-2 / HHV-2 Mucoepithelial cells Sexual contact, perinatal infection Genital herpes, neonatal herpes, aseptic meningitis Lumbar…
Chickenpox and Shingles: 7 Essential Facts You Must Know About VZV Infection A Simple and Clear Guide to Chickenpox and Shingles for Everyone Focus Keyword: Chickenpox and Shingles Overview Chickenpox and Shingles are caused by the same virus: Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), also known as Human Herpesvirus 3 (HHV-3). How Chickenpox Spreads Symptoms of Chickenpox Stages…
Hernia Symptoms and Treatment: A Complete Guide to Types, Causes, Surgery, and Prevention Hernia: Complete Guide Hernia: A Complete and Comprehensive Guide Definition of Hernia A hernia is the abnormal protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weakened area in the muscle or connective tissue that normally contains it. It typically appears as a…
Understanding Appendix removal surgery: A Comprehensive Guide to why, when how Appendicitis is treated. 🩺 Appendicitis: Causes, Diagnosis, Complications & Treatment 🧬 Introduction Appendicitis is a medical emergency that results from inflammation of the appendix, a small, finger-shaped pouch located in the lower right side of the abdomen. Although the appendix does not have a…
